Principles Of Quantum Artificial Intelligence

This paper reviews some basic principles of Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Computing, and Artificial Intelligence in terms of a specific unifying theme. This theme relates to the hyperbolic or split-complex imaginary numbers and their equivalent matrices, rediscovered by Dirac, and the underlying mathematics of the previously described Q-UEL language based on them. Hyperbolic imaginary numbers h have the property hh = +1: contrast the more familiar i such that ii = -1. Examples of analogous matrices include that for the Hadamard gate as used in quantum computing and the Pauli spin matrices, and all Hermitian matrices of interest in quantum computing can readily be derived from these. They also relate to Dirac dualization, spinor projectors of Quantum Field Theory, the non-wave-like part of quantum theory, collapse of the wave function, and a dualized form of classical probability theory that has advantages in automated reasoning for medicine.

Sampling from high-dimensional probability distributions is at the core of a wide spectrum of computational techniques with important applications across science, engineering, and society. Examples include deep learning, probabilistic programming, and other machine learning and artificial intelligence applications.

Quantum computing and artificial intelligence are both transformational technologies and artificial intelligence needs quantum computing to achieve significant progress. Although artificial intelligence produces functional applications with classical computers, it is limited by the computational capabilities of classical computers. Quantum computing can provide a computation boost to artificial intelligence, enabling it to tackle more complex problems in many fields in business and science. [4]

Quantum computing is the area of study focused on developing computer technology based on the principles of quantum theory. The quantum computer, following the laws of quantum physics, would gain enormous processing power through the ability to be in multiple states, and to perform tasks using all possible permutations simultaneously.

Classical computing relies, at its ultimate level, on principles expressed by Boolean algebra. Data must be processed in an exclusive binary state at any point in time or bits. While the time that each transistor or capacitor need be either in 0 or 1 before switching states is now measurable in billionths of a second, there is still a limit as to how quickly these devices can be made to switch state. As we progress to smaller and faster circuits, we begin to reach the physical limits of materials and the threshold for classical laws of physics to apply. Beyond this, the quantum world takes over. In a quantum computer, a number of elemental particles such as electrons or photons can be used with either their charge or polarization acting as a representation of 0 and/or 1. Each of these particles is known as a quantum bit, or qubit, the nature and behavior of these particles form the basis of quantum computing.

One of the authors of this perspective co-authored Machine learning & artificial intelligence in the quantum domain: a review of recent progress [13], with the goal of comprehensiveness, providing examples of quantum-enhanced, quantum-applied, and quantum generalized machine learning and AI. A fresh out of the oven review covers the hottest QML topic over the last year, with a self-explanatory title: Parameterized quantum circuits as machine learning models [14]. Quantum neural networks finally also achieved a level of maturity, as summarized in Quantum Deep Learning Neural Networks [15].

Quantum computing and artificial intelligence are both transformational technologies and artificial intelligence are likely to require quantum computing to achieve significant progress. Although artificial intelligence produces functional applications with classical computers, it is limited by the computational capabilities of classical computers. Quantum computing can provide a computation boost to artificial intelligence, enabling it to tackle more complex problems and AGI.

Quantum mechanics is a universal model based on different principles than those observed in daily life. A quantum model of data is needed to process data with quantum computing. Hybrid quantum-classical models are also necessary for quantum computing for error correction and the correct functioning of the quantum computer.

Quantum technologies are rapidly evolving from hypothetical ideas to commercial realities. As the world prepares for these tangible applications, the quantum community issued an urgent call for action to design solutions that can balance their transformational impact. An important first step to encourage the debate is raising quantum awareness. We have to put controls in place that address identified risks and incentivise sustainable innovation. Establishing a culturally sensitive legal-ethical framework for applied quantum technologies can help to accomplish these goals. This framework can be built on existing rules and requirements for AI. We can enrich this framework further by integrating ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) associated with nanotechnology. In addition, the unique physical characteristics of quantum mechanics demand universal guiding principles of responsible, human-centered quantum technology. To this end, the article proposes ten guiding principles for the development and application of quantum technology. Lastly, how can we monitor and validate that real world quantum tech-driven implementations remain legal, ethical, social and technically robust during their life cycle Developing concrete tools that address these challenges might be the answer. Raising quantum awareness can be accomplished by discussing a legal-ethical framework and by utilizing risk-based technology impact assessment tools in the form of best practices and moral guides.

In the coming decades, synergies of quantum technology and AI will provide a new horizon of science to the world.[29] Some predict that quantum computing will play a major role in the rise of autonomous artificial beings and in the creation of Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI). Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) key technologies, they believe, will eventually generate an intelligence explosion, unbounded by biological factors such as those with which humans of flesh and blood are born. The socio-economic impact of the 4IR will be so far-reaching that we cannot even begin to imagine its consequences.[30]

It is logical to link AI ethics to quantum ethics for two reasons. First of all, much research has already been conducted in this area in recent years. We can build on consensus on ethical codes that has been previously reached. We can stand on the shoulders of the Asilomar principles,[32] the Harvard Berkman Klein Center AI ethics mapping[33] and the EU trustworthy AI paradigm.[34] Second: typically, the components of quantum systems are equipped with artificial intelligence. For example, the binary and quantum software interface employs machine learning and neural network technology.[35] In other words, these machines essentially are quantum/AI hybrids.

Elsewhere I wrote that countries should adopt a holistic set of ten horizontal core quantum technology rules, or guiding principles, that apply across all industries.[36] In addition to the norms, standards and tenets we embraced for AI, the unique physical characteristics of quantum mechanics[37] demand for an extra set of universal guiding principles of responsible, human-centered quantum technology. Core quantum rules should be methodically linked to other areas of the legal system and embedded in existing regulatory structures.[38] The horizontal guiding principles can be construed around public values such as Liberty, Fairness, Dignity, Safety, Security, Sustainability, Privacy, Trust, Equal Access and Net Neutrality.[39]

Nanotechnology is the science of the very small. Nano science and quantum science often intersect while exploring novel physics phenomena.[42] Since quantum technology takes us one step further down on the micro scale it is logical to draw inspiration from nanoethics. At the nanoscale, quantum effects are unavoidable and naturally become available. As is the case with AI, much valuable research has already been conducted to identify and map benefits and risks of nanotechnology, including its ethical aspects.[43] Moreover, experience has been gained with the application of nanoethical principles in practice.[44] We can use the achieved insights and lessons learned to good advantage.

This horizontal-vertical legal framework should be able to provide clarity about the rules, requirements and responsibilities in light of applied quantum technology such as ownership, legal agenthood, liability, indemnification, insurance and damages, ideally per industry. Naturally, sector-specific regulations for high-risk industries such as health, energy, finance and defense ought to be stricter than the rules for lower risk areas such as the recreation, entertainment, sports, and tourism industries.[55] These regulations should be cohesive and respect the principles of proportionality and subsidiarity.

Developing concrete tools that address these challenges might be the answer. Instruments such as the Quantum Technology Impact Assessment (QIA) offer entrepreneurs, scientists, programmers and government an 8-step roadmap, and an ex ante code of conduct with which quantum tech can be safely and responsibly implemented in their products and services. They can be a driving force to operationalize the guiding principles in business. The idea behind the QIA is to some extent akin to the work of the former US Office of Technology Assessment (OTA).[61]

The QIA builds on the AI Impact Assessment (the AIIA was the result of a public-private endeavour) and provides a similar moral compass plus risk-based guide.[62] The QIA can be used to assess intended effects and unintended consequences of the introduction of quantum technology on the short and longer term.[63] The central idea behind this concept is that the encompassed best practices can be used to embed our common democratic norms, standards, principles and Humanist, philanthropic values into the architecture of quantum infused systems.[64] From an incentive-reward perspective, solid quantum-ethical compliance strategies have substantial competitive benefits. 59ce067264

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